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Cyprus College
cycollege.ac.cy
The college was founded in 1961 with the purpose to provide a well rounded education of high calibre where students can acquire the necessary academic knowledge.
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Wroclaw University
international.uni.wroc.pl
Founded in 1702 by Leopold I Habsburg. Since the beginning of 20th century the university has produced 9 Nobel Prize winners.
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Volyn University
vdu.edu.ua
The history dates back to 1940. At present, the university includes 4 institutes, 14 faculties and 73 departments.
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Berkeley College
berkeleycollege.edu
Through the power of internet, Berkeley college online brings the classroom to you anywhere in the world with the same high level of support as On-Campus classes.
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AIS
ais.ac.nz
New Zealand's largest international degree provider. The programmes are focused on the global marketplace.
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WORLD UNIVERSITY DIRECTORY
Medical Education British Journal of Sports Medicine current issue
<p>Kolstad AT, Eliason PH, Galarneau J, et al. Protective equipment in youth ice hockey: are mouthguards and helmet age relevant to concussion risk? <I>Br J of Sports Med</I> 2023;57:571-577.</p>
<p>The results and tables have been corrected in the online version only and not in print.</p>
<p>doi:10.1136/bjsports-2022–1 05 585</p>
<p>Eliason P, Hagel BE, Palacios-Derflingher L, <I>et al</I>. No association found between body checking experience and injury or concussion rates in adolescent ice hockey players. <I>Br J Sports Med</I> 2022;56:1337-1344.</p>
<p>The author Jean-Michel Galarneau has been added and the results and tables have been corrected in the online version only and not in print.</p>
<p>Emery C, Palacios-Derflingher L, Black AM, <I>et al</I>. Does disallowing body checking in non-elite 13- to 14-year-old ice hockey leagues reduce rates of injury and concussion? A cohort study in two Canadian provinces. <I>Br J Sports Med</I> 2020;54:414-420. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101092</p>
<p>Jean-Michel Galarneau has been added as author and results and tables have been corrected in the online version only and not in print.</p>
<p>Emery CA, Eliason P, Warriyar V, et al. Body checking in non-elite adolescent ice hockey leagues: it is never too late for policy change aiming to protect the health of adolescents. <I>British Journal of Sports Medicine</I> 2022;56:12-17.</p>
<p>The author Jean-Michel Galarneau has been added and the results and tables have been corrected in the online version only and not in print.</p>
<p>Between 17 October and 19 October 2024, the South African Sports Medicine Association (SASMA) will host the 20th Biennial SASMA Congress in Cape Town. The theme of the congress is ‘Breaking boundaries in Sports and Exercise Medicine and Science’. The conference will host an A-list of local and international speakers and include a range of topics from clinical cases, injury prevention and management, mental health and well-being, and sport and exercise for health. In line with the congress theme, the SASMA <I>BJSM</I> edition showcases work that is pushing the envelope in sport and exercise medicine (SEM).</p> <sec id="s1"><st>Frontiers in SEM</st> <p>The WHO Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018–2030 calls for the integration of physical activity teaching into the pre-service and in-service training of healthcare professionals.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R1">1</cross-ref> To achieve this integration, Dr Milton and colleagues share an infographic on what to talk about with patients to promote physical...
<p>In its earlier years as a discipline, sport and exercise medicine (SEM) was perceived primarily as a specialty tailored for elite athletes. We now know that this initial perspective fails to capture the extensive benefits SEM can offer towards public health. This scope of practice may be even more relevant to lower-income countries where SEM interventions can play a key role in reducing disease burden and improving health outcomes in the general population. In March 2020, SEM gained formal approval as a medical specialty in South Africa, marking a significant milestone recognised with enthusiasm by sports medicine practitioners. Despite not yet being established as a formal specialty in many other low-income and middle- income countries (LMICs), SEM holds promise for advancing public health agendas and fostering social accountability.</p> <p>This editorial explores the transformative potential of SEM in LMIC contexts. Specifically, we highlight the role of SEM in fostering community...
<p>Sport and exercise medicine (SEM) has gained recognition as a clinical specialty in South Africa, laying the foundation for the emergence of sport and exercise psychiatry (SEP) as a vital complementary discipline supporting the biopsychosocial approach to medical care for athletic populations. The mental health of athletes has been identified internationally as an area for prioritisation, supported by new clinical tools and resources.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R1">1</cross-ref> In addition, exercise is increasingly recognised as a form of mental health medicine for athletes and non-athletes.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R2">2 3</cross-ref><cross-ref type="bib" refid="R3"></cross-ref> This editorial outlines the approach to developing SEP in South Africa and its applicability to similar settings globally.</p> <sec id="s1"><st>An overview of sport and exercise psychiatry</st> <p>Mental health conditions are common in competitive sports, carrying important considerations for overall athlete health and performance.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R4">4</cross-ref> SEP focuses on preventing, diagnosing and treating these conditions in both elite and recreational athletes.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R5">5</cross-ref>...
<sec id="s1"><st>Appropriate frameworks</st> <p>Evaluating an injury prevention intervention at the population level is challenging. To guide the evaluation of a sports injury prevention intervention, Finch (2011) recommended the use of theoretical frameworks which have proven meaningful in public health-related prevention studies.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R1">1</cross-ref> However, the application of these frameworks in sports injury prevention research has been slow. One of these frameworks is the diffusion of innovations theory.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R2">2</cross-ref></p> </sec> <sec id="s2"><st>The diffusion of innovations theory</st> <p>The diffusion innovation theory was first proposed in 1962 by Everett Rogers, with the fifth edition published in 2003<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R2">2</cross-ref> and is regarded as one of the most effective frameworks in understanding how innovations are adopted.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R1">1 2</cross-ref><cross-ref type="bib" refid="R2"></cross-ref> The diffusion innovation theory framework describes the process of diffusion through which an innovation (defined as an idea, practice or object perceived as new) spreads through communication channels over time among...
<p>Healthy ageing requires maintaining functional ability, by optimising behaviour and creating an environment that preserves intrinsic capacity as resilience declines.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R1">1–3</cross-ref><cross-ref type="bib" refid="R2"></cross-ref><cross-ref type="bib" refid="R3"></cross-ref> A key impaired intrinsic capacity is power—the product of force and velocity. Muscle power declines substantially with ageing, impacting physical function and contributing to falls, disability and mortality.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R2">2 3</cross-ref><cross-ref type="bib" refid="R3"></cross-ref> The objective of this editorial is to highlight the benefits of power training in older adults.</p> <sec id="s1"><st>The overlooked potential of power training</st> <p>Power training (performing fast and forceful muscle contractions) remains underused despite significant evidence of benefits across fit-to-frail spectra.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R4">4</cross-ref> This overlooked exercise modality holds potential to prolong independence in ageing populations.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R5">5</cross-ref> Age-related physiology (loss of fast-twitch fibres and accompanying neural changes) diminishes power output in ways traditional slow-velocity strength training does not address (ie, early onset of muscle force and maximal rate of force...
<p>Epidemiological systematic reviews are increasing in the field of sport and exercise medicine (SEM). For example, the prevalence or incidence rates of lower extremity (eg, knee), upper extremity (eg, hands), and head and neck injuries have been synthetised in different types of sports (eg, basketball).<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R1">1–4</cross-ref><cross-ref type="bib" refid="R2"></cross-ref><cross-ref type="bib" refid="R3"></cross-ref><cross-ref type="bib" refid="R4"></cross-ref> The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system is a rigorous and transparent approach that allows researchers to rate the certainty of evidence based on analysis of the risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision and publication bias.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R5">5</cross-ref> Although there are other approaches apart from GRADE to rate this certainty,<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R6">6</cross-ref> GRADE is considered the gold standard for this purpose.</p> <p>GRADE was primarily designed to rate the certainty of evidence from clinical trials, but the GRADE Working Group also stated that this system can be used in observational studies.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R5">5</cross-ref> Specific...
<sec id="s1"><st>Mass-gathering medicine</st> <p>The World Health Organistion (WHO) defines a mass gathering as a planned or spontaneous event where the number of people attending could strain the planning and response resources of the community or country hosting the event.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R1">1</cross-ref> The seed for mass-gathering medicine as a specialty was sown in the 2009 Hajj, which was held during the 2009 HIN1 influenza pandemic.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R2">2</cross-ref> <cross-ref type="bib" refid="R3">3</cross-ref> Major international sporting events are also mass gatherings that require the planning and delivery of healthcare, not only for the athlete and their team, but also for the attendees and event staff. Typically, the Chief Medical Officer (CMO) is appointed to lead a team of medical officers responsible for the planning, organising, managing and delivery of healthcare. In addition to a strong grasp of sports medicine, medical officers at sporting events need leadership and organisational skills, some of which are...
<sec><st>Objectives</st>
<p>To determine the incidence rate of suicide from 2002 to 2022 among athletes from the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and assess for potential differences by, sex, race, division and sport.</p>
</sec>
<sec><st>Methods</st>
<p>NCAA athlete deaths over a 20-year period from 2002 to 2022 were identified. Poisson regression models were built to assess changes in incidence rates over time. Linear and quadratic fits between year and suicide incidence for males and females were evaluated.</p>
</sec>
<sec><st>Results</st>
<p>Of 1102 total deaths, 128 (11.6%) deaths by suicide were reported (male n=98, female n=30). The overall incidence was 1:71 145 athlete-years (AYs). Over the last decade, suicide was the second most common cause of death after accidents. The proportion of deaths by suicide doubled from the first 10 years (7.6%) to the second 10 years (15.3%). The suicide incidence rate for males increased linearly (5-year incidence rate ratio 1.32 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.53)), whereas a quadratic association was identified among female athletes (p=0.002), with the incidence rate reaching its lowest point in females in 2010–2011 and increasing thereafter. Male cross-country athletes had the highest suicide incidence rate (1:29 815 AYs) and Division I and II athletes had a higher suicide incidence rate than Division III athletes. No significant differences in suicide incidence rates by sex, race or sport were identified.</p>
</sec>
<sec><st>Conclusion</st>
<p>Deaths by suicide among NCAA athletes increased in both males and females throughout the 20-year study period, and suicide is now the second most common cause of death in this population. Greater suicide prevention efforts geared towards NCAA athletes are warranted.</p>
</sec>
<sec><st>Objectives</st>
<p>To determine if physiotherapists can deliver a clinically effective very low energy diet (VLED) supplementary to exercise in people with knee osteoarthritis (OA) and overweight or obesity.</p>
</sec>
<sec><st>Methods</st>
<p>88 participants with knee OA and body mass index (BMI) >27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> were randomised to either intervention (n=42: VLED including two daily meal replacement products supplementary to control) or control (n=46: exercise). Both interventions were delivered by unblinded physiotherapists via six videoconference sessions over 6 months. The primary outcome was the percentage change in body weight at 6 months, measured by a blinded assessor. Secondary outcomes included BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, self-reported measures of pain, function, satisfaction and perceived global change, and physical performance tests.</p>
</sec>
<sec><st>Results</st>
<p>The intervention group lost a mean (SD) of 8.1% (5.2) body weight compared with 1.0% (3.2) in the control group (mean (95% CI) between-group difference 7.2% (95% CI 5.1 to 9.3), p<0.001), with significantly lower BMI and waist circumference compared with control group at follow-up. 76% of participants in the intervention group achieved ≥5% body weight loss and 37% acheived ≥10%, compared with 12% and 0%, respectively, in the control group. More participants in the intervention group (27/38 (71.1%)) reported global knee improvement than in the control group (20/42 (47.6%)) (p=0.02). There were no between-group differences in any other secondary outcomes. No serious adverse events were reported.</p>
</sec>
<sec><st>Conclusion</st>
<p>A VLED delivered by physiotherapists achieved clinically relevant weight loss and was safe for people with knee OA who were overweight or obese. The results have potential implications for future service models of care for OA and obesity.</p>
</sec>
<sec><st>Trial registration number</st>
<p>NIH, US National Library of Medicine, Clinicaltrials.gov <A HREF="NCT04733053">NCT04733053</A> (1 February 2021).</p>
</sec>
<sec><st>Objectives</st>
<p>To evaluate the efficacy of a new multicomponent, exercise-based injury prevention programme in football players 13–19 years old.</p>
</sec>
<sec><st>Methods</st>
<p>Two-arm cluster-randomised controlled trial with clubs as the unit of randomisation. 55 football teams from Kosovo of the under 15, under 17 and under 19 age groups were randomly assigned to the intervention (INT; 28 teams) or the control group (CON; 27 teams) and were followed for one football season (August 2021–May 2022). The INT group performed the ‘FUNBALL’ programme after their usual warm-up at least twice per week, while the CON group followed their usual training routine. The primary outcome measure was the overall number of football-related injuries. Secondary outcomes were region-specific injuries of the lower limbs (hip/groin, thigh, knee, lower leg, ankle and foot) and injury severity.</p>
</sec>
<sec><st>Results</st>
<p>319 injuries occurred, 132 in the INT and 187 in the CON group. The INT group used the ‘FUNBALL’ programme in 72.2% of all training sessions, on average 2.2 times per week. There was a significantly lower incidence in the INT group regarding the overall number of injuries (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.69, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.87), the number of thigh injuries (IRR 0.62, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.98), of moderate (time loss between 7 and 28 days) (IRR 0.65, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.97) and of severe injuries (time loss >28 days) (IRR 0.51, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.91).</p>
</sec>
<sec><st>Conclusion</st>
<p>The ‘FUNBALL’ programme reduced the incidence of football-related injuries among male adolescent football players, and its regular use for injury prevention in this population is recommended.</p>
</sec>
<sec><st>Trial registration number</st>
<p> <A HREF="NCT05137015">NCT05137015</A>.</p>
</sec>
<sec><st>Objective</st>
<p>To examine and summarise evidence from meta-analyses of cohort studies that evaluated the predictive associations between baseline cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and health outcomes among adults.</p>
</sec>
<sec><st>Design</st>
<p>Overview of systematic reviews.</p>
</sec>
<sec><st>Data source</st>
<p>Five bibliographic databases were searched from January 2002 to March 2024.</p>
</sec>
<sec><st>Results</st>
<p>From the 9062 papers identified, we included 26 systematic reviews. We found eight meta-analyses that described five unique mortality outcomes among general populations. CRF had the largest risk reduction for all-cause mortality when comparing high versus low CRF (HR=0.47; 95% CI 0.39 to 0.56). A dose–response relationship for every 1-metabolic equivalent of task (MET) higher level of CRF was associated with a 11%–17% reduction in all-cause mortality (HR=0.89; 95% CI 0.86 to 0.92, and HR=0.83; 95% CI 0.78 to 0.88). For incident outcomes, nine meta-analyses described 12 unique outcomes. CRF was associated with the largest risk reduction in incident heart failure when comparing high versus low CRF (HR=0.31; 95% CI 0.19 to 0.49). A dose–response relationship for every 1-MET higher level of CRF was associated with a 18% reduction in heart failure (HR=0.82; 95% CI 0.79 to 0.84). Among those living with chronic conditions, nine meta-analyses described four unique outcomes in nine patient groups. CRF was associated with the largest risk reduction for cardiovascular mortality among those living with cardiovascular disease when comparing high versus low CRF (HR=0.27; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.48). The certainty of the evidence across all studies ranged from very low-to-moderate according to Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations.</p>
</sec>
<sec><st>Conclusion</st>
<p>We found consistent evidence that high CRF is strongly associated with lower risk for a variety of mortality and incident chronic conditions in general and clinical populations.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="s1"><st>Introduction</st> <p>Calf injuries are common in sports that involve high speed running, increased running loads and rapid acceleration and deceleration such as in padel. Padel is a racquet sport that combines elements of tennis and squash played on an enclosed court surrounded by glass walls. In calf injuries, the medial head of the gastrocnemius is most commonly injured as the muscle extends over two joints (knee and ankle) and contains a high density of type 2 fast-twitch muscle fibres.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R1">1</cross-ref></p> </sec> <sec id="s2"><st>History</st> <p>A padel player in his early 30s presented with acute pain in his right posterior calf after making an abrupt forward step to accelerate after initially running back during a match.</p> </sec> <sec id="s3"><st>Imaging findings</st> <p>Ultrasound examination was performed 7 days after the injury and demonstrated complete rupture of the distal medial gastrocnemius aponeurosis with extension of the tear into the free gastrocnemius aponeurosis (<cross-ref...
<p>Regular physical activity contributes to the prevention and management of non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer, as well as improved mental health, sleep and cognitive function.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R1">1</cross-ref> Despite these benefits, populations worldwide are insufficiently active.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R2">2</cross-ref> Enabling people with the lowest levels of physical activity to become more active is where the greatest gains to public health will be achieved.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R3">3</cross-ref></p> <p>Researchers, practitioners and policymakers are increasingly advocating for a systems approach to physical activity promotion. This should involve stakeholders across diverse sectors to develop and implement a coherent set of actions to support populations to be physically active.<cross-ref type="bib" refid="R1">1</cross-ref> Healthcare is frequently identified as an important setting for physical activity promotion. Healthcare professionals have access to a large proportion of the population and are a respected source of health advice. When people are in a healthcare setting, they typically have heightened...
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