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Cyprus College
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The college was founded in 1961 with the purpose to provide a well rounded education of high calibre where students can acquire the necessary academic knowledge.
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Wroclaw University
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Founded in 1702 by Leopold I Habsburg. Since the beginning of 20th century the university has produced 9 Nobel Prize winners.
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Volyn University
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The history dates back to 1940. At present, the university includes 4 institutes, 14 faculties and 73 departments.
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Berkeley College
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Through the power of internet, Berkeley college online brings the classroom to you anywhere in the world with the same high level of support as On-Campus classes.
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AIS
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New Zealand's largest international degree provider. The programmes are focused on the global marketplace.
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WORLD UNIVERSITY DIRECTORY
Medical Education European Heart Journal - current issue
<span class="paragraphSection">At the beginning of a new year, we are full of expectations, hopes, and wishes, but also concerns and worries. This ambivalence may be appropriate for the world at large, but I would argue that the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and its members have already embraced 2025 with enthusiasm and determination. Here are the key reasons.</span>
<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of death globally and there is an urgent need for innovative approaches to treatment. One emerging avenue is genetic therapies, which hold particular promise for diseases with a monogenic basis. Gene silencing techniques using antisense oligonucleotides or ribonucleic acid interference strategies are currently at the forefront of genetic therapies in CVD, with several ribonucleic acid-targeted therapies already approved for the treatment of conditions such as familial hypercholesterolaemia and transthyretin amyloidosis. For diseases caused by loss-of-function genetic variants, there is growing interest in gene therapy, applying either gene replacement strategies using adeno-associated virus vectors or gene editing strategies using tools such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein-9 system. Preclinical studies have highlighted the potential of this technology in CVD and promising data are beginning to emerge from early-phase clinical trials. During a European Society of Cardiology Cardiovascular Round Table workshop, the challenges of translating these novel therapeutic strategies to the routine cardiology clinic were discussed. Several key priorities were identified, including the need for disease-specific preclinical models, precision diagnostics, adequately powered clinical trials with meaningful endpoints, and enhanced education of healthcare professionals and patients. The Cardiovascular Round Table also considered the role of polygenic risk scores in risk stratification and how these can potentially be implemented in clinical practice.</span>
<span class="paragraphSection">Established more than 50 years ago, the Working Group (WG) on Myocardial Function is among the earliest WGs of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). The aim of our early founders was to create a platform, where basic and clinical researchers could interact and exchange ideas on different aspects of cardiac function. Features of myocardial function (and malfunction), at the molecular, cellular, and whole organ level, remain the key focus of our WG which brings together a diverse group of experts who conduct research, provide educational resources, and contribute to the development of recommendations—in the form of position papers and guidelines. These activities aim not only at a better understanding of the underlying (patho)physiology of myocardial (dys)function but also at the development of novel interventions and therapeutics against heart failure and related cardiovascular risk factors. As such, the WG on Myocardial Function perfectly aligns and significantly contributes to the mission of the ESC: to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease.</span>
<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div>Severe aortic valve regurgitation, if not timely treated, can significantly impact patients’ survival both for tricuspid aortic valve and bicuspid aortic valve patients, with the latter being significantly younger. Increased understanding of the root anatomy and its physiology has opened the way to techniques of aortic valve repair surgery. The techniques mainly relate to re-establishing a correct root and annular geometry and eliminating leaflet prolapse. These techniques are applied both in the presence of a dilated and normal root and are equally valid for tricuspid or bicuspid valve. Techniques for repairing a bicuspid valve might vary depending on the different valve phenotypes. Medium and long-term results appear favourable and potentially superior to those of prosthetic replacement in terms of valve-related complications and quality of life. Optimal surgical treatment, especially in younger and selected patients, should aim to avoid aortic valve replacement and its related complications.</span>
<span class="paragraphSection">This is a retraction of: Ang Zhou, Joseph B Selvanayagam, Elina Hyppönen, Non-linear Mendelian randomization analyses support a role for vitamin D deficiency in cardiovascular disease risk, <span style="font-style:italic;">European Heart Journal</span>, Volume 43, Issue 18, 7 May 2022, Pages 1731–1739, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab809">https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab809</a></span>
<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div><div class="boxTitle">Background and Aims</div>Rheumatic heart disease is the commonest acquired cardiovascular disease worldwide. About 20 years have elapsed since the original Euro Heart Survey on valvular heart disease (VHD) was conducted with multiple changes in practice due to advances in treatment techniques. In this study, we aimed to analyse the management of patients with severe native valve disease or those with previous valvular intervention in comparison with existing European Society of Cardiology guidelines.<div class="boxTitle">Methods</div>The European Society of Cardiology VHD II registry is an international, prospective, longitudinal multicentre, observational study, which was conducted in 222 centres. The registry included patients with severe native VHD or with previous valvular intervention. Follow-up was undertaken at 6 months at the investigating centre or by telephone.<div class="boxTitle">Results</div>Amongst patients recruited in the European Society of Cardiology VHD II registry, 470 had severe rheumatic mitral valve disease and 332 had previous rheumatic mitral valve intervention. Amongst the patients with Class I recommendation for intervention, it was undertaken in only 70%. Adherence to guideline recommendations was more in patients with native VHD than in those with previous intervention. Total mortality was 1.5% in hospital and 3.5% at 6 months follow-up. Independent predictors of death at 6 months were age, chronic pulmonary disease, New York Heart Association Classes III and IV at presentation, liver dysfunction, and previous myocardial infarction.<div class="boxTitle">Conclusions</div>Compliance with guideline recommendations for intervention is poor overall in patients with rheumatic valve disease. Concerted educational efforts are needed to improve the management of this vulnerable patient cohort.</span>
<span class="paragraphSection">Pseudoxanthoma elasticum is a rare, inherited disorder of connective tissue associated with various systemic manifestations in the skin, eyes, and cardiovascular system, which is occasionally overlooked as the cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).</span>
<span class="paragraphSection"><strong>All correspondence relating to this paper should be sent to: <a href="mailto:'[email protected]'">[email protected]</a></strong></span>
<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div>Genome-wide association studies have revealed hundreds of genetic variants associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Polygenic risk scores (PRS) can capture this information in a single metric and hold promise for use in CVD risk prediction. Importantly, PRS information can reflect the causally mediated risk to which the individual is exposed throughout life. Although European Society of Cardiology guidelines do not currently advocate their use in routine clinical practice, PRS are commercially available and increasingly sought by clinicians, health systems, and members of the public to inform personalized health care decision-making. This clinical consensus statement provides an overview of the scientific basis of PRS and evidence to date on their role in CVD risk prediction for the purposes of disease prevention. It provides the reader with a summary of the opportunities and challenges for implementation and identifies current gaps in supporting evidence. The document also lays out a potential roadmap by which the scientific and clinical community can navigate any future transition of PRS into routine clinical care. Finally, clinical scenarios are presented where information from PRS may hold most value and discuss organizational frameworks to enable responsible use of PRS testing while more evidence is being generated by clinical studies.</span>
<span class="paragraphSection"><strong>This commentary refers to ‘Cardiac biomarkers for diagnosing Takotsubo syndrome’, by V. Schweiger <span style="font-style:italic;">et al</span>., <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehae231">https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehae231</a>.</strong></span>
<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div><div class="boxTitle">Background and Aims</div>The association between periprocedural change in tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and outcomes in patients undergoing mitral transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (M-TEER) is unclear. This study aimed to examine the prognostic value of TR before and after M-TEER.<div class="boxTitle">Methods</div>Patients in the OCEAN-Mitral registry were divided into four groups according to baseline and post-procedure echocardiographic assessments: no TR/no TR (no TR), no TR/significant TR (new-onset TR), significant TR/no TR (normalized TR), and significant TR/significant TR (residual TR) (all represents before/after M-TEER). Tricuspid regurgitation ≥ moderate was defined as significant. The primary outcome was cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization. Tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient was also evaluated.<div class="boxTitle">Results</div>The numbers of patients in each group were 2103 (no TR), 201 (new-onset TR), 504 (normalized TR), and 858 (residual TR). Baseline assessment for TR and TR pressure gradient was not associated with outcomes after M-TEER. In contrast, patients with new-onset TR had the highest adjusted risk for the primary outcome, followed by those with residual TR [compared with no TR as a reference, hazard ratio 1.83 (95% confidence interval: 1.39–2.40) for new-onset TR, 1.45 (1.23–1.72) for residual TR, and 0.82 (0.65–1.04) for normalized TR]. Similarly, from baseline to post-procedure, TR pressure gradient changes were associated with subsequent outcomes after M-TEER. New-onset and residual TR incidence was commonly associated with dilated tricuspid annulus diameter and atrial fibrillation.<div class="boxTitle">Conclusions</div>Post-procedural TR, but not baseline TR, was associated with outcomes after M-TEER. Careful TR assessment after the procedure would provide an optimal management for concomitant significant TR in patients undergoing M-TEER.</span>
<span class="paragraphSection"><strong>This comment refers to ‘Left Atrial Appendage Closure after Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation’, published in the <span style="font-style:italic;">New England Journal of Medicine</span>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2408308">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2408308</a>.</strong></span>
<span class="paragraphSection">National Natural Science Foundation of China10.13039/5011000018098240244282400293Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province10.13039/501100004731LQ24H020002</span>
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